Political Resources

The Roman Republican Constitution
A discussion of the political offices and responsibilities of the various branches of the Roman Republican government from the University of Texas, Department of Classics.

Roman Republican Government
Excerpted from Rome: Republic to Empire by Barbara F. McManus, Assessment Director, The VRoma Project.

Roman Social Classes and Political Factions of the Late Republic
Excerpted from Rome: Republic to Empire by Barbara F. McManus, Assessment Director, The VRoma Project.

The Law of the Twelve Tablets
(from E. H. Warmington, Remains of Old Latin III, circa 450 B.C.).

Roman Law Resources
"This site provides information on Roman law sources and literature, the teaching of Roman law, and the persons who engage in the study of Roman law." by Ernest Metzger Faculty of Law, University of Aberdeen.

Ius Romanum
"Welcome to the homepage for the Roman Law branch of the Law-related Internet Project at the University of Saarbrücken! These pages are dedicated to Roman Law: the legal system invented by the Romans more than 2000 years ago,which - having undergone the process of decay, revival, transformation and reinterpretation innumerable times-continues to influence legal thinking and legal practice to our days. " by Thomas Rütner.

Ancient Rome and Law History: The Roman Law Library
Excellent resource site that includes or links to all the major Roman legal texts. Courtesy of Aleksandr Koptev.

Projet Volterra
"The general aims of the Projet Volterra are to promote the study of Roman legislation in its full social, political and legal context."

Legal Status in the Roman World
From a survey through time. From Women's Life in Greece and Rome, Mary K. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant

The laws of the kings. Rome, 8th/7th cent. B.C
Excerpted from Legal Status in the Roman World. From Women's Life in Greece and Rome, Mary K. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant

The Julian marriage laws (nos. 120-123, etc.)
From a survey through time. From Women's Life in Greece and Rome, Mary K. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant

Corpus Iuris Civilis: The Digest and Codex:Marriage Laws
This text is part of the Internet Medieval Source Book. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts related to medieval and Byzantine history.

Jewish History Sourcebook: Jews and the Later Roman Law 315-531 CE
This text is part of the Internet Jewish History Sourcebook. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts for introductory level classes in modern European and World history.

"Marriage more shameful than adultery":slave-mistress relationships, "mixed marriages," and late Roman law.
by Judith Evans-Grubbs Phoenix Volume 47 (1993) 125-154

Roman Government Officials During the Late Republic
Copyright 1999 by Rich Hamper.

Consuls 70-40 B.C.
Copyright 1998 by Rich Hamper.

Which Romans Were Roman Senators In The Late Roman Republic From 49-46 BC?
Copyright 1998 by Rich Hamper.

Clients and Patrons
"One of the more peculiar aspects of the Roman society was the relationship between a client (clientela) and his patron (patronus). This was a complex system of interdependency by which a wealthy patron gave to his less fortunate clients one or more of the following:..." Copyright 1998 by Rich Hamper.

Chronology of Ancient Rome to A.D. 476
"Robert F. Pennell's Chronology of Ancient Rome to A.D. 476. This Ancient Roman chronology comes from Ancient Rome from the Earliest Times Down to 476 A.D., by Robert F. Pennell. Riverside, California, July. 1890."

Ordinary Consuls of the Roman Republic and Empire 300 BC to 68 AD

Republican Magistrates during the fifties B.C.
An Abridgement Taken From T. S. R. Broughton's Magistrates of the Roman Republic vol. 2 and 3 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1952, 1986). Excerpted from the Theatrum Pompeii Project.

Structuring Roman History: the Consular Year and the Roman Historical Tradition by John Rich (University of Nottingham).
"This article is concerned with the shaping of the annual narrative in historical writers working in the Roman annalistic tradition and contests the view that Livy and his predecessors conformed to a standard pattern from which Tacitus departed." HistosVolume I (1997).

HISTOS:The New Electronic Journal of Ancient Histography at the University of Durham

The Censors of the Roman Republic

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
"Welcome to De Imperatoribus Romanis, a web site which simply allows its users to retrieve short biographical essays of all the Roman emperors from the accession of the Emperor Augustus to the death of the Emperor Constantine XI Palaeologus. Each essay on this site,which is peer reviewed, is written by a scholar and is accompanied by a bibliography, illustrations, and footnotes".

Index of Imperial Stemmata.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr. Courtsey of De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors

Stemmata OF Imperial Dynasties.
"The stemmata of imperial families and dynasties available at this site are listed below, along with a few notes of explanation. In general, these family trees are inclusive rather than exclusive; I have attempted to put as many emperors as possible into each stemma, even when the family links seem somewhat tenuous. Since new imperial families often attempted to promote their ties to the old, this can sometimes help in understanding the history, or at least the propaganda, of a period." By J. Vanderspoel, Department of Greek, Latin and Ancient History, University of Calgary.

A Visual Compendium of Roman Emperors
By Justin D. Paola Digital Image Analysis Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona.

The Imperial College 284 - 337
By J. Vanderspoel, Department of Greek, Latin and Ancient History, University of Calgary.

Lenocinium Scope and Consequences by Andrew M. Riggsby
Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stifung fur Rechtsgeschite, romanische Abteilung 112 (1995) 423-7.

Appropriation and the Reversal as a Basis for Oratorical Proof by Andrew M. Riggsby
Originally CP 90.3 (1995) 245-56.

Not as Slaves, but as Friends and Allies: Rome's Settlement of Lycia and Caria after 188
Text of the 1994 APA Abstract by Rob S. Rice

Sparing a Hornets Nest: Rome's Treatment of Rhodes in 168
Text of the 1992 APA Abstract by Rob S. Rice

Ancient History Sourcebook: Appian: The Civil Wars - On the Gracchi
From: Appian, Civil Wars, I: I-3, in Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1907), Vol. III: The Roman World, pp. 77-89. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Appian, The Civil Wars (ed. Horace White)
"Editions and translations: Greek (ed. L. Mendelssohn) | English (ed. Horace White). Courtesy of the Perseus Project, Tufts Univversity.

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
"Welcome. This site is basically a published version of a paper I wrote on Tiberius Gracchus. It basically covers my opinion of his aims, as well as an analysis of the views and arguments of some sources regarding Tiberius in general. You can either get the entire paper or sections of it, as well some useful links."

Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE):Rome at the End of the Punic Wars  
From:Polybius, The Histories of Polybius,vol. 6., trans. Oliver J. Thatcher (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1907.), pp. 166-193 Courtsey of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Histories 12.4b.1-c.1: An Overlooked Key to Polybios' Views on Rome  
By Craige Champion. Courtsey of Histos Volume 4 (2000).

Three Men in a Vote: Proscription and the Power of the Text (Appian, Bellum Ciuile 4.1. 1-6. 51) By John Henderson.
Histos Volume I, (1997).

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius (c.69-after 122 CE): De Viris Illustris
J. C. Rolfe, ed., Suetonius, 2 Vols., The Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, and New York: The MacMillan Co., 1914), II.388-507. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius (c.69-after 122 CE): Lives of the Caesars
Rolfe Translation. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Suetonius: The Lives of the Twelve Caesars
The Latin text is that of Maximilian Ihm in the Teubner edition of 1907, with cosmetic changes as printed in the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1913-1914. The English translation is by J. C. Rolfe, printed in the same edition. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

The Historia Augusta
Text and translation are transcribed from the Loeb Classical Library edition. The Latin text is, as stated in the Preface, that of Susan H. Ballou (thru Avidius Cassius), then that of Hermann Peter (from Commodus on). The English translation is by David Magie. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Bellum Catilinae: The Life and Times of the Real Catiline.
Summary of ancient and modern sources on Catiline including Sallust's , Catilinae Coniuratio, also called Bellum Catilinae in Latin. Excerpted from Bellum Catilinae

Plutarch's Life of Pompey
Translated by A. H. Clough. Edited by Ulysses K. Vestal. Excerpted from the Theatrum Pompeii Project. "A TPP Exclusive: While other i-net editions of Plutarch's Life of Pompey are available, none to our knowledge have numbered the chapters which are used as a standard point of reference between the various editions. I have also amended Clough's language hic et illic ["here and there"] with modern usages, but otherwise I have left his translation unchanged."

Julius Caesar: The Last Dictator
Courtesy of Suzannne Cross.

Augustus:Images of Power
By Mark Morford

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius (c.69-after 122 CE): The Divine Augustus
Translated by Alexander Thomson, R. Worthington, New York, 1883. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

The Deeds of the Divine Augustus, By Augustus, Written 14 A.C.E.
Translated by Thomas Bushnell, BSG, Courtesy of the Internet Classics Archive.

Monumentum Ancyranum (Res Gestae Divi Augusti)
All three texts, the original Latin text, the Greek translation made in Antiquity, and the English translation made in the modern era are those of the Loeb edition, 1924. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

The Mausoleum of Augustus and the Res Gestae
Courtesy of Professor John Paul Adams, Department of Modern and Classical Languages & Literatures at the California State University at Northridge.

Resources for Augustan Studies
Courtesy of Eric Kondratieff.

From Octavian to Augustus: Timeline and Images Illustrating His Rise to Power
Courtesy of Eric Kondratieff.

Life of Augustus by Nicolaus of Damascus
Translated by Clayton M. Hall (1923). Courtesy of Professor John Paul Adams, Department of Modern and Classical Languages & Literatures at the California State University at Northridge.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Augustan Encomiums, c. 31 BCE - 14 CE by Horace
From: Suetonius, 2 vols., trans. J. C. Rolfe, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, and London: William Henemann, 1920), Vol. I, pp. 405-497.

The Ara Pacis Augustae
Courtesy of Bill Thayer of Lacus Curtius.

The Statue of Augustus from Prima Porta, the Underground Complex, and the Omen of the Gallina Alba
by Jane Clark Reeder. Courtesy of American Journal of Philology 118.1 (1997) 89-118.

How Excessive Government Killed Ancient Rome
by Bruce Bartlett. Courtesy of the Cato Journal, Volume 14 Number 2, Fall 1994.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum--Tiberius The Lives of the Caesars--Tiberius.
From: Suetonius, De Vita Caesarum, 2 Vols., trans. J. C. Rolfe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1920), pp. 291-401. Scanned by: J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. of History, Cal. State Fullerton. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Cry Freedom: Tacitus Annals 4.32-35 by John Moles.
Histos, Volume 2 (1998).

Agrippina the Elder: Vixen or Victim? by Tina Saavedra .
This paper was presented at the Kentucky Foreign Language Conference on April 19, 1996. Courtesy of Diotima.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius (c.69-after 122 CE): De Vita Caesarum: Caius Caligula (The Lives of the Caesars: Caius Caligula), written c. 110 CE
sFrom: William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-13), Vol. II: Rome and the West, pp. 174-179.

Caligula: The First Autocrat.
"This page is devoted to an article about the Roman emperor Gaius Caesar(known by his nickname Caligula). The contents are an article that will be published in 2002 by The Celator. The article posted here is greatly expanded and is in seven section. Footnotes are grouped with their respective sections and a bibliography is listed separately."

The Claudius Page
"This page is devoted to the Roman emperor Claudius. The contents are an article that is being published in 1999 by The Celator. The article is in five section. Footnotes are grouped with their respective sections. "

Galgacus: On Roman Imperialism.
From Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola, 29-33 c.98 CE, Translated by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Nero: The Actor-Emperor
"Nero: The Actor-Emperor was published by The Celator in 2004. Due to the space constraints of an article-length biography my final version was significantly cut down for publication from the original version which was twice as long."

Nero's Helpers: The Role of the Neronian Courtier in Tacitus' Annals by Marc Kleijwegt.
Classics Ireland,Volume 7 (2000).

Emblematic Scenes in Suetonius' Vitellius by John W. Burke.
Histos, Volume 2 (1998).

Vespasian: A Simple Soldier
"Vespasian is a new article that will be published by The Celator at a date to be determined."

The Emperor Titus
"This section of my site is devoted to the Roman emperor Titus Here, you will find an article that was published in 1996 by The Celator. I have revised the article to include some new information, particularly on Titus' death. The article was written to be read separately from the article about Domitian, so there will be redundant information about the Flavians."

The Emperor Domitian
"This page is devoted to Domitian. The information comes from an article that was published in 1994 and was expanded during 1999."

The assassination of Domitian: An astrological note
by Nicholas Whyte.

Blood on the Moon in Aquarius: The Assassination of Domitian
by Michael R. Molnar, Rutgers University Department of Physics and Astronomy.

The Emperor Nerva
"This page is devoted to an article I wrote about Marcus Cocceius Nerva, emperor from 96-98 C.E. The article is in three sections, below. Footnotes are at the end of each section."

Ancient History Sourcebook:Aelius Spartianus: The Life of Hadrian
Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Julius Capitolinus: The Life of Antoninus Pius
Translated by David Magie, Ph. D., for the Loeb Classical Library (1921). Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Imperial Family Roles Propaganda and Policy in the Severan Period
Presented at the Severan Conference International Centre for Severan Studies by Caroline Bryant.

193:Severus and Traditional Auctoritas
By Jonathan C. Moran.

The Emperor's Coinage: possible insights into the character of Septimius Severus.
Presented at the Severan Conference International Center for Severan Studies by T. E. Bray.

Contrasting responses to two opportunities for propaganda in the Severan imperial coinage of the so-called "Emesa" series "
Presented at the Severan Conference International Center for Severan Studies by Roger A. Bickford-Smith.

Septimius Severus the Superstitious Emperor
Text of paper published in Celator December 1995 and the New Zealand Numismatic Journal, December 1995. Copyright 1995 T. Edward Bray.

Syrian Emperors of Rome
"Designed and written by Leo Prado. Towards the end of Rome's first millennium, a.u.c. 971-988Ê(A.D. 218-235), two Syrian youths reigned in succession as Roman emperors: Varius Avitus Bassianus (Heliogabalus) and Alexianus Bassianus (Alexander Severus)."

The Life of Antoninus Heliogabalus: by Aelius Lampridius
Translated by David Magie, Ph. D., for the Loeb Classical Library (1924). Courtesy of HelioGabby.

The Electronic Library of the Bath House: Various Texts Associated with the Emperor Elagabalus
"The Electronic Library is an unprecedented repository of original source material pertaining to the Emperor Elagabalus. We hope that readers will be inclined to form their own judgments as to the relative merit and veracity of these works. This is not a propaganda project -- rather, it is something like a Best Western* brunch buffet."

Severus Alexander Web Site
"I grew to admire this young man who grew into the leadership of Rome. This admiration grew into more research. What frustrated me at times was the lack of centralized information on Severus Alexander and his coinage. It is my hope to try to improve this situation". By Kevin D. Beaulieu.

Ancient History Sourcebook:Vopiscus: Aurelian's Conquest of Palmyra, 273 CE
From: Vopiscus: Life of Aurelian (b.c.215-r.270-d.275 CE), William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-13), Vol. II: Rome and the West, pp. ??. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Diocletian & the Tetrarchy by Michael Greenhalgh

Diocletian the Builder and the Decline of Architecture by Michael Greenhalgh

In Search of Diocletian by Adrian Higham
Classics Ireland,Volume 4 (1997).

Ancient History Sourcebook: Sozomen (d. c. 450 CE): Constantine Founds Constantinople, 324 C
From: William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-13), Vol. II:Rome and the West, 295-296. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

The Truth About Magnentius
"This page is devoted to an article that was published in May and June 2000 about Magnentius The article has been divided into three sections with the Bibliography in the third section. Footnotes are grouped with their respective sections."

The Emperor Julian
This page is devoted to Flavius Claudius Julianus, emperor from 361-363 CE.

Medieval Sourcebook: Salvian: Romans and Barbarians, c. 440
From:James Harvey Robinson, ed., Readings in European History: Vol. I: (Boston:: Ginn and co., 1904), 28-30. Courtesy of the Internet Medieval Source Book.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Procopius of Caesarea: Alaric's Sack of Rome, 410 CE History of the Wars [written c. 550 CE], III.ii.7-39
From: Procopius, History of the Wars, 7 vols., trans. H. B. Dewing (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press & Wm. Heinemann, 1914; reprint ed., 1953-54), II. 11-23. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Ancient History Sourcebook:Procopius of Caesarea: Gaiseric & The Vandal Conquest of North Africa, 406 - 477: History of the Wars [written c. 550 CE], Book III, chapters iii-vii CE.
From: Procopius, History of the Wars, 7 vols., trans. H. B. Dewing (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press & Wm. Heinemann, 1914; reprint ed., 1953-54), II. 23-73. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Notitia Dignitatum (Register of Dignitaries, c. 400
"The Notitia Dignitatum is an official listing of all ancient Roman civil and military posts. It survives as a 1551 copy of the now-missing original and is the major source of information on the administrative organization of the late Roman Empire. From William Fairley, Notitia Dignitatum or Register of Dignitaries, in Translations and Reprints from Original Sources of European History, Vol. VI:4 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, n.d.). Pagination preserved in this etext." Courtesy of the Internet Medieval Source Book.

'Theodosius the Great' Flavius Theodosius (AD 347 - AD 395)
The Illustrated History ofthe Roman Empire.

Medieval Sourcebook: Jordanes: An Account of the Person of Attila
From: William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols., (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-1913), p. 322. Courtesy Internet Medieval Source Book.

Priscus at the court of Attila (Priscus, fr. 8 in Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum)
translation by J.B.Bury. Courtesy Internet Medieval Source Book.

Medieval Source book: Leo I and Attila
From the accounts translated in J. H. Robinson, Readings in European History, (Boston: Ginn, 1905), pp. 49-51

Liberius the Patrician
Courtesy of James J. O'Donnell.

Book Reviews

Bernardo Santalucia, Studi di dritto penale romano.
Reviewed by Andrew M. Riggsby.
Richard Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome.
Reviewed by John Bendix.
Lacey, W. K., Augustus and the Principate. The Evolution of the System.
Reviewed by Jane Chaplin.
Corcoran, Simon J. J.,The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284--324.
Reviewed by R. W. B. Salway.
Gardner, Jane F., Family and Familia in Roman Law and Life.
Reviewed by Marilyn B. Skinner.
Drummond, A., Law, Politics and Power: Sallust and the Execution of the Catilinarian Conspirators.
Reviewed by Robin Seager.
McGinn, Thomas A.J., Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome
Reviewed by Brent D. Shaw.
Robinson, O.F., The Criminal Law of Ancient Rome
Reviewed by James E.G. Zetzel.
Willcock, M.M., Cicero: The Letters of January to April 43 B.C.
Reviewed by Ronald Cluett.
Watson, Alan., International Law in Archaic Rome: War and Religion.
Reviewed by William Seavey.
Wallace, Robert W. and Edward M. Harris, eds., Transitions to Empire: Essays in Graeco-Roman History, 360-146 B.C., in Honor of E. Badian.
Reviewed by Ronald Cluett.
Wallace, Robert W. and Edward M. Harris, eds., Form as Argument in Cicero's Speeches: A Study of Dilemma.
Reviewed by James E.G. Zetzel
Murison, Charles., Galba, Otho and Vitellius: careers and controversies.
Reviewed by Christopher Ehrhardt
Gardner, Jane., Being a Roman Citizen.
Reviewed by John Bendix
Rich, J. W. ed., Cassius Dio: The Augustan Settlement.
Reviewed by A. Gowing
Gabba, Emilio., Dionysius and the History of Archaic Rome.
Reviewed by D.P. Harmon
Barrett, Anthony A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power.
Reviewed by A. Ferrill
Sacks, Kenneth S., Diodorus Siculus and the First Century.
Reviewed by P. Stylianou
Yakobson, Alexander., Elections and Electioneering in Rome: A Study in the Political System of the Late Republic.
Reviewed by P. Stylianou
Lintott, Andrew., The Constitution of the Roman Republic.
Reviewed by Erich S. Gruen
Johnston, David., Roman Law in Context.
Reviewed by James T. Chlup
Hemelrijk, Emily Ann., Matrona Docta: Educated Women in the Roman Elite from Cornelia to Julia Domna.
Reviewed by Holt N. Parker
Williams, J.H.C., Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy. Oxford Classical Monographs.
Reviewed by Alexa Jervis
Young, Gary K., Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC - AD 305.
Reviewed by James T. Chlup
Keay Simon (ed.), and Nicola Terrenato., Italy and the West. Comparative issues in Romanization.
Reviewed by Kathryn Lomas
Wells, Peter S., The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe.
Reviewed by Michael Kulikowski
Anton Powell, Kathryn Welch.,Sextus Pompeius
Reviewed by Jörg Fündling
Christopher Kelly, Ruling the Later Roman Empire
Reviewed by Michael Kulikowski.
Jane Clark Reeder,The Villa of Livia Ad Gallinas Albas. A Study in the Augustan Villa and Garden.
 Reviewed by Susann S. Lusnia.
C. J. Smith, The Roman Clan: The Gens from Ancient Ideology to Modern Anthropology.
 Reviewed by Ayelet Haimson Lushkov.
Victoria Emma Pagán,Conspiracy Narratives in Roman History
 Reviewed by Debra L. Nousek.
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