SAMH: The Society for Ancient Military Historians
"The Society of Ancient Military Historians is an organization dedicated to the promotion of the study of warfare in the Ancient World. Members sponsor and contribute to the publication of our newsletter, Res Militares. Our leadership works with and within the American Philological Association to arrange contact between our members and within the larger academic community."

MAVORS: Institute for Ancient Military History
"The MAVORS-Institute is a not-for-profit academic research institution, dedicated to the study of all aspects related to ancient armies, to furthering scientific research and to supporting scholars in the field of Ancient Military History."

Annotated Chronology of Military Events
1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 Copyright. Richard R. Orsinger ". . . [T]hat the great deeds of men may not be forgotten . . . and especially, the causes of the war between them."

Imperial Battle Map Index by Hugh Elton, Cartography by Christos Nüssli  Courtesy of the De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors .

Imperial Battle Description Index by Hugh Elton  Courtesy of the De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors .

The Roman Army: A Bibliography
A listing of works relevant to the study of Roman warfare provided by John Paul Adams California State University Northridge

The Ancient Warfare Articles of Smith's Dictionary   William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities John Murray, London, 1875. "This index page collects the articles in Smith's Dictionary on ancient warfare: mostly the Roman army." Courtesy of LacusCurtius copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

The Roman Army: During The Late Roman Republic
Artillery & Other Weapons, Camps, Discipline, The Men & Their Equipment, On the March, Organization of the Army, Scouts & Spies, Tactics in Battle, Training and Weapons--Comparative Ranges. Courtesy of Rich Hamper

The Roman Army in the Late Republic and Early Empire  "The following information is intended to give a generic picture of military organization, armor, weaponry, etc. during the late Republic and early Empire." Courtesy of Barbara F. McManus, The College of New Rochelle.

The Roman Army, Part II  "...information on legionary armor, auxiliary troops, army activities and pay, and punishments and rewards." Courtesy of Barbara F. McManus, The College of New Rochelle.

Romanarmy.com  "Welcome to Romanarmy.com, the online community of students and enthusiasts of the ancient Roman Army. We aim to provide an encyclopedia about the Roman military, a translation of Ritterling's classical article 'Legio', a travelogue section and a database of images of Roman military tombstones with the picture of the soldier on it." Written by Jasper Oorthuys

Models of the Roman Legion By Gary Brueggeman   "The purpose of the models presented here is to help visualize the legion. The models have been built from data from a variety of experts, many of whom do not agree with each other. The hope is that the models themselves may serve as a tool to clarify questions, identify solutions which are more or less likely, and lead to a further refinement of knowledge about the legion."

Virtual Legion: Exploring the Army of Imperial Rome  "Welcome to Virtual Legion, an interactive historical reference to the legions of Imperial Rome of the First Century AD. Press enter to begin."

The Roman Army in Caerleon  An excellent introduction to the roman forces of the Principate, Includes video clips of Roman re-enactors.

Rome  A brief but fairly detailed complete survey of the military institutions of the Roman state. The site includes an excellent glossary of Roman army terminology

RedRampant.com  "Historical references such as: Uniform and Armor Guides, Shield Patterns, Battle Descriptions, Maps and More!"

"Victori: The Roman Military  Victori is Latin for "The Conquerors." The growth of the Republic, and the advent and expansion of the Empire were greatly dependent on Rome's military might. For centuries it was the most fearsome fighting force on the western hemisphere, eventually bringing most of Europe, the Middle East, and northern Africa under the control of Rome. This feat required massive supply lines, training, equipment, strategy, and strong leaders. This web site is designed to help people interested in Roman history, particularly its military. Explore, and marvel at the wonder of efficiency, precision, and force that was the Roman Army!"

Roman Military   "The Roman Legion, the ultimate military machine of the ancient world, was the catalyst that spread Roman conquest and civilization throughout the known world. The core of the Roman legion consisted of heavily armored infantry." Excerpted from UNRV History.

The Roman Military Museum  Excerpted from www.imperiumromanum.info Roman Numismatics, Art, History and Archeology

Roman Military Glossary  Excerpted from Roman-Britain.ORG

Who's Who in Roman Military Studies   "In an attempt to aid Roman Military studies, this listing is an informal compilation of every scholar, expert and historian of the Roman military that we can identify. It includes not just current scholars but past pioneers and giants in the field. While currently a static alphabetized list, I hope to enter this information into a more useful database format soon"

Rekonstruktion eines Reiters der Ala II Flavia milliaria
"In Aalen war die Ala II Flavia pia fidelis milliaria stationiert, ein 1 000 Mann starke Kavallerieregiment. Diese Reitereinheiten bildeten die Elite der am Limes stationierten Hilfstruppen" The text is in German accompanied by photographs. Courtesy of the Limesmuseum Aalen.

Trajan's Roman Cavalry Site
"Welcome to Trajan's Roman Cavalry Site. The articles that you will find on the following pages will I hope give you an insight regarding current understanding of the Roman Cavalry. These are my own views and do not necessarily reflect the views of my organization."

Bronze studs from Roman Spain
"Reconstruction of the headstall of the harness deposited in the tomb at Vega Baja (Toledo)" Journal of Roman Equipment Studies, Volume 7 (1996)

Roman Military Equipment: Horse Harnesses and Armour
Examples of the equipment of both the legionary cavalry as well as the auxiliary cavalry (alae). Excerpted from the Roman Military Museum www.romanlegions.info

Marcus Junkelmann
"Marcus Junkelmann ist der Autor zahlreicher Bände zur römischen Militärgeschichte, die grosse Resonanz gefunden haben, da er seine wissenschaftlichen Studien mit einer Nachprüfung der Ergebnisse im archäologischen Experiment zu Pferde und zu Fuss ebenso erfolgreich zu verbinden wie anschaulich aufzubereiten versteht"

On the Cavalry Commander By Xenophon   Courtesy of the Perseus Project at Tufts University.

Military Medicos   "Before Hellenistic influence, the Roman legion did not contain any medical services. The common practice among professional generals." Courtesy of the University of Virginia Health Science Library.

Battlefield medicine - The Ancient World 2000 BC-AD 500 by Ian McCulloch. Courtesy of Osprey Publishing.

Polybius: The Histories   Loeb Classical library, 6 volumes and facing English translation: Harvard University Press, 1922 thru 1927. Translation by W. R. Paton. Courtesy of LacusCurtius copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Frontini: Strategemata  In Latin. Courtesy of Forum Romanum.

Frontini: Strategemata  In Latin. Courtesy of the Latin library.

Frontini: Strategemata  The complete Latin text and English translation by Charles E. Bennett, published by Loeb, 1925. Courtesy of LacusCurtius copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Cassius Dio: Roman History   Loeb Classical Library, 9 volumes, Greek texts and facing English translation: Harvard University Press, 1914 thru 1927. Translation by Earnest Cary. Courtesy of LacusCurtius copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Letters Written by Roman Soldiers.  Courtesy of John Paul Adams, Department of Modern and Classical Languages & Literatures, CSUN.

Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies.
The Journal (ISSN 09613684) is dedicated to the Study of the Weapons, Armour, and Military Fittings of the Armies and Enemies of Rome and Byzantium. It covers all aspects of the subject and its source material - archaeological, literary, sub-literary, iconographic/representational, and experimental.

ROMEC:The Roman Military Equipment Conference.
"The first Roman Military Equipment Research Seminar was held in the Department of Ancient History and Classical Archaeology (now, sadly, defunct) at the University of Sheffield (GB) in 1983. It has since grown and now visits various international venues, but still retains the same goals as that first seminar: to further the study of Roman military equipment with contributions from professional or amateur, academic or re-enactor, archaeologist or historian."

Arma
"Arma is the newsletter of the Roman Military Equipment Conference (ROMEC) which, since 1983, has met to discuss the arms, armour, and military fittings of the Roman army. The proceedings of these volumes have been published (four of them by British Archaeological Reports) but Arma now provides an opportunity for the publication of short notes on recent finds, news of relevant publications, and a running bibliography of academic articles published on the subject since 1980. The newsletter also supplies details about forthcoming events, including of course the next ROMEC. Of interest to specialists and enthusiasts alike, as well as unit and museum staff, and academics working in related fields, Arma offers the chance to keep up-to-date with Roman military equipment studies."

Armamentarium:The book of Roman arms and armour.
"ARMAMENTARIVM has the ultimate aim of providing a successor to H. Russell Robinson's seminal volume The Armour of Imperial Rome, published in 1975 and long out of print. As such, ARMAMENTARIVM will exploit the latest available technology to function as a dynamic book: it will be updated as and when new material becomes available and so will be as true a reflection as possible of the current state of scholarship on Roman military equipment".

ArmaList
"ArmaList is intended to act as a forum to discuss all issues relating to Roman military equipment studies, but it is hoped that it will primarily serve for debate on the form and structure of ARMAMENTARIVM, and it will be the main location for posting new contributions to the Web site as they are added. It is manually run, not on a computerized list server, so do not be surprised if it takes a while for things to get posted or responded to"

Legio XX Online Handbook for Legionaries
"The Online Handbook has grown far beyond the original printed version, and is continually being updated. Illustrations are added whenever possible. More pictures can be found elsewhere on the Legion website (particularly the Photos and Roman Days pages), on various linked sites, and in the books in our Bibliography. You may feel free to download, copy, or print any part of our Handbook, as long as you give credit where credit is due and do not attempt to use it for profit." Topics covered Tunic, Caligae, Cloak, Belt, Helmets, Segmentata, Hamata, Squamata, Subarmalis, Scutum, Gladius, Pilum, Pugio, Packs, Mess Gear, Tools, Crests, Drill, Leatherworking and Armoring.

The Homogenisation of Military Equipment Under the Roman Republic
Michael T. Burns. Institute of Archaeology, University College London. Courtesy of Digressus: The Internet Journal of the Classical World , Volume 6 (2006).

The Roman Military Museum
Part of the RNG Museum Platform

Casques Italiques
The evolution of Roman helmets. In French

The Newstead 'lorica segmentata'by M.C. Bishop   Excerpted from the Journal of Roman Military Equipment Volume 10, 1999.

Notes on the Kalkriese Style Lorica Segmentata   "Archeological finds from the Teutoberg Forest Battle site at Kalkriese, Germany have made it clear that the Corbridge lorica segmentata was not the earliest form of segmented armor.Ê Kalkriese yielded a complete breastplate and numerous hinged fittings, all of which date to the defeat of Varus in 9 AD." Excerpted from the Legio XX Online Handbook.

Roman armour of unique significance discovered
Hundreds of items of Roman armour thought to date from around the time of the Emperor Hadrian's visit to Britain in June 122 AD have been uncovered on the site of a Roman fort in Carlisle. Courtesy of the Royal Armouries News 4 May 2001.

Roman armour and metalworking at Carlisle, Cumbria, England
"Recent excavations at the Roman fort in Carlisle, Cumbria, have yielded a large number of pieces of articulated Roman armour and other items. This is the most important such find in Britain since the Corbridge hoard was excavated in 1964 (Allason-Jones & Bishop 1988)." By Mike McCarthy, Mike Bishop & Thom Richardson. Courtesy of Antiquity: an international journal of expert archaeology

The Roman Sword in the Republican Period and After.
"The sword was a mainstay of the Roman military throughout its history. It is my intention to describe the manufacture of swords, as well as the use of steel for sword blades. I will then describe the evolution of the sword within the Roman world in the Republican period and afterwards." Excerpted from Ancient Roman Technology.

A late-republican gladius from the River Ljubljanica (Slovenia) by Janka Istenic
Excerpted from the Journal of Roman Military Equipment Volume 11, 2000.

Helmets & Armour of the Late Roman Army.
Excerpted from Comitatus.

Weaponry of the Late Roman Army.
Excerpted from Comitatus.

Tunic Color
Discussion of Roman military tunics excerpted from the Legio XX Online Handbook.

Roman Army Sandals: The original Caligae
Replica Roman army sandals by the Osprey Trading Company.

Ancient Greek Artillery Technology from Catapults to the Architronio Canon
By Michael Lahanas

Reconstrucing Ancient Roman Artillery   Excerpted from Ancient Roman Technology.

Legio XX Valeria Victrix Ballestria
"The goal of Legio XX Valeria Victrix Ballistaria is to recreate the equipment, clothing, and weapons of a ballista team from the 2nd Century A.D."

Ancient Catapults
"Surviving Greek and Roman texts reveal the remarkable level of mathematical and engineering skill that went into the development of these early ballistic-missile launchers" by Werner Soedel and Vernard Foley Scientific American, March 1979, pp. 150 - 160

Artillery and war machines
Concise overview by T E Rihll

Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Sinews of War: Ancient Catapults
It is widely believed that in antiquity, theory and practice were on opposite sides of an unbridgeable divide and that science and technology were marginal to ancient society. Yet, a close look at the development of the catapult shows that such a divide did not exist in reality. Catapult engineers combined mathematical and engineering skills to create the most powerful weapons of their time. Both the engineers and their achievements were an important part of ancient society. By Serafina Cuomo. From Science 6 February 2004: Vol. 303. no. 5659, pp. 771 - 772

Archaeological Finds Related to Siege Engines
Courtesy of Darius Architectvs.

Chapter XII: The Stringing and Tuning of Catapults
Vitruvius Pollio, The Ten Books on Architecture (ed. Morris Hicky Morgan) Book X. Perseus Digital Library

Archaeological Finds Related to Siege Engines
Courtesy of Darius Architectvs.

The Cheiroballistra
"What lies in the Greek name 'cheirobállistra'?. It's just the translation of the Latin 'manuballista' (i.e. 'hand-ballista')."

Reconstrucing Ancient Artillery   Courtesy of Aitor Iriarte.

Slinging.org: News and Information about the Ancient Weapon  "When I was first getting interested in this fascinating weapon, I couldn't find much information on the web or in published material. I hope this website can be the definitive source for slinging related information and news. Of course, it needs a community of slingers to experiment and pass on their knowledge. With your help, we can rekindle the interest in this truly simple, effective, and historically significant weapon."

Roman Print Collection  Courtesy of Aero Art International Online.

Roman Military Diploma from Slavonski Brod Military  "The regional museum in Slavonski Brod, Croatia, managed to obtain an extremely valuable antique artefact in 1997. It is a Roman military diploma dating from the first century A.D, which had been discovered by chance, while recovering sand from the Sava river bed."

Roman Military Diploma On-Line: Part of the Roman Numismatic Gallery www.romancoins.info
"... auxiliary diplomas are major sources for our knowledge of the distribution of the roman auxiliary forces and the origin and names of their soldiers over the centuries. Findplaces of fragments tell us where the soldiers spent their retirement time. The names of the governors, consules, and commanders on diplomas are major sources to map career paths of individuals of the roman senatorial class and the equites (knights). Information on diplomas is especially useful, as it can be dated to the exact day. Most other major sources of such information, e.g. inscriptions on marble tombstones and donative monuments are in contrast not dated."

Roman Numismatic Gallery: The Roman Legions
"In this section of the museum the attempt is made to document each legion ever cited on a coin, and to give its main location from the period of Vespasianus - Diocletian. One has to consider however that the legions moved rather frequently to areas of need. A special section of this museum offers a table with the Location of Roman Legions for those interested in further details. In general the bulk of the roman army was based a) in the West in the Rhine region during the reign of Augustus, but shifted later to the Danube border, and b) on the Eastern frontier towards Persia." Excerpted from Roman Numismatic Gallery.

The Roman Limites: Compiled by Lynn Nelson   "The following bibliography consists of 335 relatively modern works on the Roman army, provinces, trade, manufacture, and western frontiers. It is not an exhaustive list. A large proporion of its entries refer to Roman Britain, and few works are provided that cover the the of the Later Empire." Courtesy of the ORB: on-line Reference Book for Medieval studies

The Roman Forts on the Arabian Frontier: The Meaning of the Limes Arabicus  An excellent survey of the subject, includes photos and maps. Courtesy of the Virtual Karak Resources Project. © Copyright 2001-2002 Virtual Karak Resources Project and Appalachian College Association.

El-Lejjun Roman Legionary fortress, Jordan: A recently declassified CORONA image shows the fortress in plan view.  An excellent survey of the subject, includes photos and maps. Courtesy of the Virtual Karak Resources Project. © Copyright 2001-2002 Virtual Karak Resources Project and Appalachian College Association.

Britannia Military History Bibliographical Database
"The bibliography consists of papers and books all published broadly since the 1970's, plus a separate listing of modern editions of classical authors. The bibliography is drawn from material collected by Dr James Stewart and Peter Green."

The Roman Army in in Britain
"A complete listing of the evidence on the ground for the Roman Army in Britain, its fortresses, forts, watchtowers, temporary camps, depots and industrial sites, together with back ground on the army and its sites." © Peter Green 2004

The Chester Project: Reconstructing Roman Chester
"The Chester Project is a long term project to reconstruct, using computer graphics, the Roman Legionary fortress of the mid-third century AD, a time when the fortress was in it's most complete."

The Defences of Chester: Reconstructing the Defences of Chester
"Welcome to the homepage of a reconstruction project to support the recently published report on the defences of Chester. Although the project currently depicts the early and middle Roman periods, it will ultimately encompass all major periods up to the present, bearing in mind also that the term 'defences' tends to lose its relevance as we approach the present.

Signalling and the Design of the Gask Ridge System
"This paper attempts to describe the signalling arrangements of the Gask Ridge and the influence these may have had on the general layout of the system, in an effort to understand the purpose and context of the Roman line " By D. J. Woolliscroft. Excerpted from the The Roman Gask Project.

Roman Scotland: Outpost of an Empire.
"Our Roman collection is currently not on display in the Museum. However we have retained the "virtual" Romans section on our website for education users while we develop a new Roman Gallery and Antonine Wall Interpretation Centre which will open to the public in 2008"

Hygini Gromatici: De Munitionibus Castrorum  In Latin. Courtesy of Forum Romanum.

[Psuedo-] Hygini Gromatici: De Munitionibus Castrorum  In Latin. Courtesy of The Latin Library.

The Roman legions
"On this site, you will find an alphabetical and chronological catalogue of the imperial legions." Article by Jona Lendering ©

Rome
"This site is intended to represent our Rome - a combat simulation society. This is not a historical Roman site, nor are we by definition a reenactment organization. What we are is more a celebration of what Rome was rather than an attempt to recreate it. If your objective is research, click here for our superb list of Roman resource links. If you're conducting research on Roman sewage systems for your school paper, please understand that's an example of a fascinating topic we care nothing about. We're a fight club. But we thank you for your interest and enthusiasm in Rome, a topic so dear to us all."

Römergruppen - Imperial Roman Reenacting
Links to Roman reenactor groups around the world.

The Roman Hideout
Links Collection for Roman Reenactors. Links to reenactor groups, suppliers, documents, archaeological and other sites of interest to students of Roman warfare.

The Roman Army Page: Imperial Service quarantees citizenship: Would you like to know more?
The homepage of Sander van Dorst with numerous links for the study of the Roman army.

The Romans: "All Roads lead to Rome"
The Rome's tenacity towards any adversity created a world that lasted over a thousand years. Roman culture evolved through that time, from a small collection of villages on seven hills and the earliest kings, to the Republic, to the Empire, and it is still with us. The Roman culture and military which created and held this together is a fascinating study of organization, arts, economics, discipline, technology and thinking.

The Ermine Street Guard.
The Ermine Street Guard is a society dedicated to research into the Roman Army and the reconstruction of Roman armour and equipment. The reconstructions are primarily from the latter half of the first century A.D. although equipment from other Roman periods is reproduced for experimental and display purposes.

The Antonine Guard Roman Research Society.
"The Antonine Guard was formed in 1996. It is a Roman Historical / Re-enactment group concentrating on the period of Roman occupation of Scotland in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Our prime aim is to promote a greater awareness of Roman Scotland for the general public."

Legio I Germanica.
Multiperiod Roman Re-enactment association in Spain.

De Legione Romana
"This virtual space is an evolution of the Legio I Italica site, originally born to represent and tell the cultural growth of the homonymous group of Villadose, which I have been legionary and webmaster for some time."

Legio I Italica.
Gruppo di archaeologia sperimentale

Legio I Flavia Minerva PF Domitana
German Re-enactment association. "We are an interest community of inspired people, whose goal is to rebuild and re-enact the ancient roman times". "Our main project is the Legio I Flavia Minervia Pia Fidelis Domitiana".

Legio I Minerva Pia Fidelis.
"Projekt der Gesellschaft für interaktive Experimentalarchäologie in Deutschland e.V. "

Legio Secunda Augusta.
"Legio Secunda Augusta (LEG II AUG) is the title of a society based in Portsmouth, Hampshire that seeks to re-create the "living history" - in both its military and civilian aspects - of Roman Britain during the first two centuries AD."

Legio II Avgvsta: Imperial Southern Provisional Army.
"You're looking at this website and wondering just WHAT is Legio II Augusta and the Lafe AD43 event that we talk about... Well, first, Legio II Augusta is. a member unit of the The Imperial Southern Provisional Army -- The ISPA is a loose organization of Roman Reenactors, Legions, Gladiators, Citizens, Auxila, and Enemies of Rome in the Southeastern United States. Its stated purpose is to facilitate cooperation and growth between its member units. ISPA units Sponsor several events annually including Castra Romana in South Carolina, Memorial Day Timeline in Georgia, and Lafe Encampment in Arkansas."

Legio II Avgvsta (NZ).
Reenactment group based in New Zealand

Legio II Traiana Fortis (The Strong Legion of Trajan): A Las Vegas based Roman Reenactment Group
"LEGIO II TRAIANA FORTIS, the strong Legion of Trajan, is currently stationed in Las Vegas Nevada, land of glass and steel Monoliths and Pyramids. We portray 2nd century Roman Army drill and camp life during both the Dacian and Parthian War periods, we also recreate 2nd century Civilian life, both Urban and Camp. We hope to have everything from Senators to Gladiators. We also welcome Celts, Greeks and others of the Time to Participate."

Welcome to the Homepage of the II Parthian Legion.
"The significance of the II Parthian legion and the reign of Septimius Severus for the town of Albano is such that it gave rise to the idea of creating a study centre for this period of history approximately three years ago."

Legio III Cyrenaica
"Century I, Cohors II, Legio III "Cyrenaica", Caesar's Conquerors, and the affiliated Auxilia, are Ancient Historical, Living History Impressionist Organizations representing the famous Legio III that was formed approximately 31BC and its accompanied Auxilia. Time periods represented cover the period from 31BC through 550AD. Our main emphasis is on the Flavian Period from approximately 66AD through 100AD."

Legio III Italica
"Legio III Italica Concors is a recreated Imperial Roman Legion. Its name translates to the Third Italian Legion 'Harmonious' / 'United'. The group, founded in 2003, is located in Fairfield County, Connecticut."

Legio III Italica-Concors.Interessengemeinschaft Für Lebendige Gesichtsdarstellung im Historischen Verein Ingolstadt.
In German

Legio IV Macedonica
" La Legio IV MACEDONICA, es la reconstrucción de un Contubernio (grupo formadolegionarios), creado por el Taller de Reconstrucción Histórica y Arqueológica, del ejercito de las Legiones de Romana en la antigüedad."

Legio V Lucana
"The Cisalpina Historical Reenactment Group was founded in the year 1999 A.D. with the name Legio V Lucana, and is composed by roman reenactors enthusiasts. The group is young and it's looking for new members to organize cultural activity and entertainment."

Legio V -Caesars Fifth Legion: The Larks
"Welcome to The newest, best, and only Roman legion reenactment group in Tennessee. The goal of our group is to provide a historically accurate recreation of people in the Roman empire from roughly 100 BC to 100 AD. We have legionaries, civilians, a couple barbarians, and are always looking for MORE! We are also a registered University of Tennessee Student Organization, but we have members from all over Tennessee."

Legio VI Victrix-I. Roemerkohore Opladen

Legio VI Victrix- Cohors VI Asturum
"Die I. ROEMERCOHORTE OPLADEN e. V ist ein historischer Verein, der es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht hat, die Ausrüstung, die Lebensumstände und den Alltag des römischen Militärs und seines zivilen Umfeldes hypothetisch zu rekonstruieren und so authentisch wie möglich praktisch nachzuvollziehen." Also in English.

Legio VI Victrix Castra Eburacum
"Legio VI Victrix, or Legion Six Victorious, played an important part in the existence of the Roman province of Britannia. In a very real way, the soldiers of this ancient army are among the forefathers of our own society. Despite this, most people know only what Hollywood has seen fit to tell them about the Empire and it's people. It is for this reason that we re-create this unit and it's local civilian counterparts. By understanding Imperial Rome, we hope to provide insight into our own modern society, attitudes, and governments. By presenting an accurate and researched picture of life on the Roman frontier, we strive to enlighten our society about the nation that was the main foundation of western culture."

The Sixth Imperial Legion of Rome: Ferrata Fidelas Constans
"The purpose of this organization is to serve the educational and public interests by accurately presenting the life and times of the legionaries of Rome in a credible atmosphere. We are interested in healthy growth of the unit through the addition of like minded members, but stress quality over quantity in both members and equipment. We also want to have fun while when we are together and working on "Living Archeology"."

Legio VI: Victrix Pia Fidelis
"Welcome to the Official Home page of the Sixth Legion. Legio VI is a member of Strength and Honor LARP Society and a sponsored Legion of the Micro-nation Nova Roma ¨. Our goal is to recreate the soldiers of the Roman Army for public demonstrations, Reenactments, living history displays and to recreate the Might and power of the Roman Army on the battlefield."

Legio VI "Ferrata": Insubri nelle legioni romane
Italian re-enactment group. In Italian

Legio Victrix Cohor Cimbria.
Danish Roman- reenactment group founded in 2006. "We are a mix of both archaeologists, historians, and happy Amateurs of all ages and both sexes. All with a common passion for the Roman Empire and the Roman Ironage." In Danish and English.

Legio VII Gemina.
"We are a Roman re-enactment association based in Tarragona (Catalonia). As we are supported by the History Museum of Tarragona, all performances are assured to be historically accurate."

Legio VIII Augusta.
Interessengemeinschaft für experimentelle Archäologie und Geschichtsdarstellung.
"The Vexillatio LEGIO VIII AUGUSTA is a group of people who are interested in Roman History, especially concerning the 1st century a.d..Since 1991 we reconstruct all kind of ancient weapons, tools and daily-life stuff. During our events, several Roman soldiers show different types of armour, reconstructed catapults (scorpio), a Roman camp and civilian items are on display like a provincial clothes fashion-show, a religious ceremony, a Roman woman doctor (medica) with her typical equipment and a Roman writer`s office (scriptor)." English version availabale.

Legio VIII Augusta MGV; A living historical society depicting 1st and 2nd century Roman Britain.
"We are a group of enthusiasts from Wales and the North of England who aim to authentically depict the society which existed in Roman Britain during the late 1st and early 2nd Century AD."

Legio VIII Augusta
"This is the official website for Legio VIII Augusta, a group dedicated to the recreation of a Roman Legion from the 1st century AD. Our venues include, high school lectures, The Tejeda History Faire and re-enactment events with our brother legionaires."

Legio VIII Augusta
"Bienvenue sur le site de la VIIIème lé'gion romaine "Augusta". Nous sommes un groupe de reconstitution qui s'applique ˆ recréer avec un souci d'authenticité historique l'uniforme et l'équipement des légionnaires romains du 1er siècle après J.C."

Vexilatio Legionis VIII Avgvsti Hiberniae: Romans Ireland Re-enactment Society
"Based in Cork city in Ireland, we are a society dedicated to portraying the Roman Army in the first centaury A.D. We portray the Legionaries, Auxiliaries, Allies and even the civilians who were part and parcel of the Army and it's entourage. We use highly accurate reproductions of the equipment and dress of the first centaury A.D. Roman Army and drill and display through the use of Latin."

Legio IX Hispana
"Legio IX Hispana was founded in 1994 as a combined SCA warband(Society for Creative Anachronisms) and Roman reenactment club. Within the SCA we were known as The 9th Legion. While under my command we earned many accolades including the highest award bestowed upon aWarband in the Kingdom of Caid... The Crossed Swords... awarded to us twice, something only 5 other Warbands have achieved in the 30 years of the award1s existence."

Legio IX Hispana ...Virginia
"We are the Virginia chapter (Leg. IXÊVA) of Legio IX Hispana and are part of the overall LEGIO IX HISPANA, USA club. Leg. IX is a group of living historians dedicated to "learning by doing" -- who strive for more than just standing in front of a group talking. Not only do we plan on period marches or "treks "Êas they're called, we are also among the Roman groups in the United States who are working on a type of mock combat called "Needlefelt" (or NFS) that allows realistic-speed blows without a danger of anyone being hurt!"

Legio X Fretensis Cohort IV.
Homepage of a military historical club currently stationed in American Canyon, California.

The Legio X Gemina Homepage
Home-page of THE GEMINA PROJECT, a Dutch Roman Military reconstruction and reenactment group.

Legio X Fretensis Cohort IV.
A Roman Military reconstruction and reenactment group based in Spain.

Legio X Gemina Pia Fidelis Domitiana: Cohors IV.
Welcome on the Legio X Gemina website, the Caesar's favourite legion, when its name was only DECIMA... Our legion is part of the Associazione Culturale "S.P.Q.R." that was re-enacting I century gladiators fights since 2004 and that decided to create also a Roman legion. In English and Italian

Legio XI Claudia pia fidelis
Home-page of a Roman Military reconstruction and reenactment group.

Legio XI Clavdia Pia Fidelis Cohors X Candida
Home-page of a Roman Military reconstruction and reenactment group from Germany.

Legio XI- Clavdia Pia Fidelis Cohors X
"Freude und Interesse an der römischen Geschichte sind der Motor für unsere Anstrengungen, Einzelheiten des römischen Lebens der zweiten Hälfte des 1. Jh nCH nachzuleben. Wir versuchen so authentisch wie möglich, Teile der Infanterie und des zivilen Lebens aus der damaligen Zeit darzustellen."

Legio XII Fulminata
"We are located in Lower Alabama and we try to represent a Roman Legion in the field on the march . As accurately as we can , and in doing so have a good time . We are rather new on the scene, but we are hoping to one day be one of the best known for our commitment to an accurate representation . We are striving for authenticity over numbers. Feel free to contact us !!! We also need civilians as well as "enemies" of Rome . So if you are interested in any of these areas contact me for more information."

Legio XII Fvlminata Cohors I
"Bienvenue sur le site de la Legio XII Fulminata Cohors I, groupe de reconstitution historique basé sur l'armée romaine de la fin du 1er siècle début 2e siècle après J.-C. Nous habitons la région de Gatineau-Ottawa. Nous sommes présentement en période d'intense recrutement! Le service garantit la citoyenneté!"

Legio XII Fvlminata Cohors II Italica Civivm romanorvm volumtariorvm
"Anno MMDCCLIII ab urbe condita aliqi iuvenes rerum veterum memoriae studiosi histoicam consociationem institueruntI. Societas imperialia saecula, quae documentis momentis littrearumque abundant, fingit."

Legio XIII GEM ; A living historical society depicting 1st and 2nd century Roman Britain.
" You are now on the Homepage of the Society for Roman History in Austria, an Austrian Roman Military and Civilian reconstruction and reenactment group."

Legio XIII Gemina; A living historical society depicting 1st and 2nd century Roman Britain.
"Welcome to the cyber camp of Legio XIII GEMINA in the United States."

Legio XIIII. Ancient Rome brought to life.
"Cast your mind's eye back through time to ancient Roman Britannia. The year is approximately AD 43, and the Great Roman Empire has virtually conquered the world, by force and by skill-at-arms. The Romans have built a formidable military machine, based on well-equipped, strictly disciplined forces, commanded by some of the greatest military minds in the history of mankind."

Roman Military Research Society: Legio XIIII Gemina Martia Victrix
"The RMRS is a research and re-enactment group specialising in recreating the Roman army and Roman life during the latter part of the 1st century AD. In particular, we represent a detachment of the Fourteenth Legion, Gemina Martia Victrix, one of the most famous units of the Roman army in Britain."

Legio XIV Gemina Martia Victrix
"We are a living history/reenactment group located in the Milwaukee area. Our members are from many walks of life and different historical backrounds."

Legio XV Apollonaris.
"Welcolme to the homepage of the Legio XV Apollonaris, the Norwegian group for Roman re-enactment and Roman live role playing. Our aim is to portray a Roman unit of the second half of the 1st century AD, and use it in a live roleplaying- setting. As far as we know we are the only group in Europe combining live roleplaying and re-enactment in this manner. We would love to hear from others."

Legio XV Apollanaris
"Die Legio XV ist eine Römergruppe aus Pram (Oö), welche die "altösterreichische" - in Carnuntum (Petronell, Nö) stationierte - Fünfzehnte Legion Apollinaris wieder zu neuem Leben erwachen lässt. Unter wissenschaftlicher Beratung wird das Leben und Kämpfen der römischen Legionäre Ende des 1. Jhdts. n.Chr. originalgetreu nachempfunden."

Legio XV Primigeniae
"Interressengemeinschaft für Römische Militärgeschichteam Niederhein." In German

The Imperial Roman Twentieth Legion: Bringing Ancient Rome to Life
"The Twentieth Legion was founded in 1991 to recreate the soldiers of the Roman Army for public demonstrations and living history displays"

Legio XX Valeria Victrix
"Welcome to this site devoted to the history of the Twentieth Legion Valeria Victrix." Courtesy of Steve Malone of the Trent & Peak Archaeological Trust.

Legio XXI Rapax
"Die "Legio XXI Rapax" ist eine Gruppe begeisterter Menschen aus dem Gro§raum Hamburg, die sich der Aufgabe stellt, Alltag und Aussehen der römischen Legionäre in einem Selbstversuch zu rekonstruieren und nachzuempfinden." In German

L'association XXII Legion Primigenia
"Bienvenue sur le site de la XXIIème Légion romaine <<Primigenia>> Notre groupe de reconstitution historique créé fin 1994 a pour but d'organiser et de proposer des spectacles militaires et civils romains. La plupart du matériel et les uniformes sont fabriqués par les membres de l'association dans le respect de l'authenticité historique des légions romaines du 1er siècle aprés. JC"

Legio XXII Primigenia Cohort IV:The Imperial Roman Twenty Second Legion
"Legio XXII was founded in 1992 to recreate the soldiers of the Roman Army for public demonstrations, living history displays and historical events, such as period Trekking.Our weapons, armor, and equipment are all carefully researched, and reconstructed at our own expense. We demonstrate the tactics of the day, and the use of the legionary's various weapons. We are available to discuss many aspects of Roman army life, and will sometimes spend a day or weekend living like our ancient counterparts did on campaign. Eventually, we also aim to actually reenact against the enemies of Rome... a period fortification is even in the planning stages"

Legio XXII Primigenia - Milites Bedenses - Soldaten im Bitburger Land
"Unsere Gruppe, die Legio XXII Primigenia, besteht aus historisch und archŠologisch Interessierten, die sich zum Ziel gesetzt haben, das römische Leben auf ziviler und militärischer Ebene nachzuempfinden und darzustellen und somit ein fundiertes Bild dem Zuschauer zu vermitteln. Den nachempfundenen Kleidungsstücken, Ausrüstungs- und Alltagsgegenständen liegen antike OriginalstŸcke zugrunde. Wo dies nicht der Fall ist, wurden unter anderem antike Textquellen und die neuesten Forschungsergebnisse herangezogen und unter Anleitung von Wissenschaftlern rekonstruiert, um der Authenzität gerecht zu werden." §

Vicesima - Quarta Legion XXIV Media Atlantia
"Legion XXIV Media Atlantia was established in 1997 to defend the frontiers of ancient Rome in the Mid Atlantic Region of North America. It is intended as a re-enactment unit to display Roman and other ancient military dress, battle tactics and history at faires, schools or other public functions."

Legio XXX "Ulpia Traiana Victrix"
" This association is a no profit organization of social usefulness(ONLUS);its seat is in Rome, Via Camilla no. 8. It exclusively pursues social aims, dealing with activities in the following sectors: 1) Promotion of culture and art through historical and scientific research of the Ancien Roman Age, with specific reference to the organization of the Army and its armamentsÊ as well as to the role of the Legion. 2) Preservation, promotion and enhancement of items of historical interest dating from the Roman period reflecting the role played by the Legion in the society, and reconstruction of weapons, uniforms and equipment; 3) Cultural information and instruction provided for students and armament's reconstruction enthusiasts. 4) Formation and training for researchers in archaeological technology regarding the military apparatus of the Roman Empire, leading to the handicraft realization of works derived from the study of ancient remains, documents and monuments; 5) Events, displays and exhibitions of the reconstruction realized, conferences and lectures."

Legio XXX Ulpia Traiana Victrix Onlus
In Italian, English, Spainish and German.

Pedites Singvlares: Rekonstruktion römischen Militärs des 3. Jhdts.
"Die Pedites Singulares sind eine Gruppe geschichtsinteres- sierter Leute aus dem Gro§raum Augsburg, die römisches Militär der ersten Hälfte des 3. Jahrhunderts nach Chr., daneben auch der zweiten Hälfte des 4. Jhdts. zu rekonstruieren versuchen." In German.

Cohors I Aquitanorum
"Association de reconstitution historique nous faisons revivre l'antiquité romaine sous ses différents aspects, militaires et civils" In French.

Cohors I Brevcoum
"Der Beiname "valeria victrix bis torquata ob virtutem appelata" weisst darauf hin, dass die Pfünzer Soldaten einer "siegreichen valerischen und wegen ihrer Tapferkeit zweimal mit dem Ehrenschmuck ausgezeichneten Einheit" angehörten. Aufgrund der besonderen Leistungen der Kohorte wurde sie auch mit dem römischen Bürgerrecht ausgezeichnet ("civium romanorum"). Dies war bei Auxiliartruppen, die nicht römischen Ursprungs waren, nicht selbstverständlich." In German.

Cohors I Germanorum: Darstellung römisch-germanischen lebens
"Willkommen auf der Homepage der Interessengemeinschaft Cohors I. Germanorum C.R."

Cohors I Germanorum: Die Seite rund um die Welt der Cäsaren
Courtesy of Dirk Steinhorst.

Castra Praetoria: an Italian reeanctmect association based in Roma
In Italian and English.

Cohors III Praetoria
"The Cislapina Historical Reenactment Group was founded in 1999 with the name Legio V Lucana and modified in the current one in 2004. It groups enthusiasts of the Roman historical reenacment and it is present in Italy in Milan and Turin."

COH IIII Vind
German group dedicated to the reenactment of Roman military and civilian life.

COH V Gallo
"Cohors Quinta Gallorum is the name of a third century Roman re-enactment society based at the Roman fort of Arbeia at South Shields. The group recreates both the military and civilian life of the early third century (around 230 A.D). This period is neither early or late empire and reflects the changes which occurred from the late second to the late third century in the clothes, equipment, weapons and personal belongings of the soldiers and civilians."

COH XXVI VOL CR.
"Wenn Sie mehr über uns erfahren möchten..."

COHORS VII RAETORVM
"Bekanntheit und Ansehen haben wir uns in den Jahren 2000 bis 2006 als COHORS XXVI VCR erarbeitet. Aus Gründen, auf die hier nicht näher eingegangen werden soll, haben wir Ende 2006 den alten Namen abgegeben und uns einen neuen, bisher wenig bekannten gesucht."

Victus Romanus: Cohors XXXII VCR et Cives Tavnensium
"Wir sind "moderne" Menschen, die es sich zum Ziel gesetzt haben, das Erscheinungsbild der römischen Armee, und das Zivilleben, in verschiedensten Veranstaltungsrahmen darzustellen."

Cohors III Gallorum et Britannorum.
A history of a fictitous Auxiliary Unit.

The Roman Soldier Adventure
"I am now Arturius Britannicus, an auxilary infantryman of around 31 AD (your time).Ê I am primarily a member of the Cohors III Gallorum et Britannorum."

Cohors I - Classis Augusta Germanica
German reenactment group focused on Roman naval forces in Germany. In German.

Association Foederati
"Bienvenue sur le site des FOEDERATI. Reconstitution historique, archéologie expérimentale(association loi 1901)"

End of the Roman Age: (non solum collegium Germanorum ad bibendum )
"So, you've got this far then and your still curious to find out more about ERA? You may be asking how ERA is different from other dark age re-enactment societies so I'll try and explain the basic principle. The main difference is that we expect members of ERA to be committed to the show as a whole."

Fectio: Dutch Late Roman Re-enactment Society
"Fectio is a Dutch Late Roman Re-enactment Society. We focus on the military part of Late Roman society during the 4th to 5th century. Our area is the Western Empire, especially in the Lower German and British provinces. The name Fectio is taken from the Limes fortress on the Dutch Lower Rhine frontier, today know as Vechten."

Litus Saxonicum
"Spätršmische Befestigung entlang des Ärmelkanals, sowie spätrömische und germanische Darstellung und Handwerk"

Comitatus - Re-enacting the Past
"We are a group of friends who endeavour to re-create life in the north of England during the period 306-866AD. While our membership is concentrated in the north of England, we aim to recruit and retain members from all over the country. Members come from all walks of life and all ages. Single members and families are equally welcome."

Pax Augusta: Groupe Gallo Romain de Lugudun
" PAX AUGUSTA est une association de passionnés ayant pour objectif de reconstituer de la fa�on la plus réaliste possible différents aspects de la civilisation gallo-romaine, en s'appuyant sur les sources antiques, historiques et archéologiques."

The Arthurian Society
"Welcome... ...to the webpages of Britannia, the Arthurian Society. One of the oldest (and largest) groups in the UK portraying the late Roman period. See our impression of life and combat on a small island on the edge of a dying Roman Empire and the end of the Classical age."

Familia Gladiatoria
"Our family was founded in 1986 and is specialized on performing Roman Gladiator games. We frequently play at the Museum of Aquincum and at the Park of Archeology of Gorsium and at the yearly Flower Festivities - The Florials. From 1990 on, We regularly participate in abroad Roman Festivities. We played in Italy, Austria, Slovakia, Poland, Germany, France, the and Netherlands. The script of our plays is always performed in the welcoming country's mother tongue."

Ludus Gladiatorius
"Welcome to the Ludus Gladiatoria Reenactment Group based in Hampshire, Great Britain.We are an organisation which seeks to recreate something of the flavour of Gladiatorial Games through Gladiatorial Reenactment, Historical Research and Experimental Archaeology Projects."

Collegium Gladiatorium
"Welcome to the site of Collegium Gladiatorium Roman Cultural Traditional Fighting Club and the Ludus Magnus School of Ancient Martial Arts!"

Medicus Romanus: Roman Medicine in the Ancient World  "This site presents the interesting ancient medicine and its reenactment as a Roman army doctor in modern times." In English and German.

Ancient History Sourcebook:Livy: The Roman Way of Declaring War, c. 650 BCE  From: William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-13), Vol. II: Rome and the West, pp. 7-9. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Triumphus
Article by William Ramsay, M.A., Professor of Humanity in the University of Glasgow on pp1163-1167 of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. Courtesy of LacusCurtius copyright © William P. Thayer

Roman Triumph
Brief essay on Roman triumphs

Spolia
Article by William Ramsay, M.A., Professor of Humanity in the University of Glasgow on pp1053-1054 of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. Courtesy of LacusCurtius copyright © William P. Thayer

Battle of the Allia, by John Sloan
Courtesy of the Xenophon Group International

Appian's History of Rome: The Samnite Wars
Article excerpted from Livius: Articles on ancient history. (Almost) all articles by Jona Lendering © 1996-2007.

Rome: The Punic Wars
Courtesy of World Cultures: An Internet Classroom and Anthology

Ralegh and the Punic Wars by Charles G. Salas
Journal of the History of Ideas 57.2 (1996) 195-215. Copyright © 1996 The Journal of the History of Ideas, Inc.. All rights reserved.

Classic Battle Joined by Greg Yocherer
"As Hannibal met Rome's strongest army at Cannae, Rome's vaunted tenacity and soldiery were expected to prove decisive despite the Carthaginians' recent victories." Article from Military History magazine.

The Siege of Syracuse by Polybius.
Translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert, Penguin Books, New York, 1979

The Siege of Syracuse by Livy from Livy's History of Rome from its Foundation (59 BC-17 AD) .
Translated by Aubrey de Selincourt, Penguin Books, New York, 1965

The Siege of Syracuse from Plutarch's Parallel Lives: Marcellus.
Translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert, Penguin Books, New York, 1965

The Siege of Syracuse: Introduction.
Courtesy of Drexel University

The Development of the Roman Navy: A Bibliography.
Thomas P. Roche supplied the bibliography of his Master's thesis at the University of Vermont (1991) to the readers of he LT-ANTIQ list in February of 1997. Courtesy of Online Bibliographies for Late Antiquity.

Money for Rome's naval secrets
"Roman coins show how Rome used her navy, writes John Orna-Ornstein" British Archaeology, no 8, October 1995.

Forum Navis Romana Archaeology Online

The Battle of Trasimeno by the Borough of Tuoro sul Trasimeno
"In the steps of Hannibal at the scene of the battle."

Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE): The Character of Hannibal
From: Polybius, The Histories of Polybius, 2 Vols., trans. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (London: Macmillan, 1889), I.582-586. Scanned by: J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. of History, Cal. State Fullerton. Prof. Arkenberg has modernized the text. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Cornelius Nepos: Hannibal
Excerpted from De Viribus Trans. J. Thomas, 1995. This text was transcribed by Roger Pearse, Ipswich, UK, 2003. All material on this page is in the public domain - copy freely.

Cornelius Nepos: Hannibal
Courtesy of Vox-Latina-Gottingensis. Scripta auctorum Latinorum. In Latin

Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE): The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE  From:Polybius, The Histories of Polybius,vol. I. 264-275., trans. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (London: Macmillan, 1889), pp. 226-230. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Livy, Book 27: Scipio in Spain. By D. Kent Fonner
Article from Military History magazine. March 1996

Livy, Book 29: Scipio in Africa. By D. Kent Fonner
Article from Military History magazine. March 1996

After avidly studying the tactics of Hannibal, Scipio Africanus eventually bested his Carthaginian adversary. By D. Kent Fonner
Article from Military History magazine.

Second Punic War: Battle of Zama. By Daniel A. Fournie
"The Carthaginian and Roman commanders Hannibal and Scipio both had a solid string of victories to their credit when they met in 202 bc. Only one of them would emerge victorious this time. Article from Historynet.com

Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE): The Third Punic War, 149-146 BCE [The Histories, Book XXXVI-XXXIX]
From: Polybius, The Histories of Polybius, 2 Vols., trans. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (London: Macmillan, 1889), II.499-507, 511-515, 528-530.ourtesy of the Ancient History Sourcebook.

Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE):Rome at the End of the Punic Wars   From:Polybius, The Histories of Polybius,vol. 6. , trans. Oliver J. Thatcher (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1907.), pp. 166-193 Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

A Greek Description of the Roman Army  From: Polybius, "The Military Institutions of the Romans" in The Library of Original Sources, Oliver J. Thatcher, ed. (Milwaukee, WI: University Extension Co., 1901), pp. 172-186]

Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE): The Roman Maniple vs. The Macedonian Phalanx  From: Polybius, The Histories of Polybius, 2 Vols., trans. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (London: Macmillan, 1889), pp. 226-230. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Gladius versus Sarissa Roman legions against Greek pike phalanx by Dimitrios Kitsos   "During the first half of the 2nd century BC the Roman legion confronted the Macedonian phalanx. In most of the engagements - including the major ones at Cynoscephalae, Magnesia and Pydna - the Romans prevailed over their opponents and the Republic emerged as the indisputable Mediterranean power. This essay deals with the causes of the Roman military successes by examining briefly the Macedonian and Roman systems of war and searching for possible other factors that contributed to the defeat of the phalanx" Originally in ANISTORITON: History, Archaeology, ArtHistory Issue E991 of 6 January 1999. Currently in Clio Forum de ressources en sciences historiques. In French.

The Celtiberian War  Excerpted from SPQR: Encyclopedia Romana. Copyright 2000, James Grout

Bellum Iugurthinum G. Sallusti Crispi
The Society for Ancient Lanaguages. In Latin and English with an introduction.

Sallust's Catiline and Jugurthine War
The text in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Rome's Persian Mirage: Rome's six-hundred-year struggle for control of the ancient world was one of the earliest tests of East versus West.  By By Barry S. Strauss. Article from The Quarterly Journal of Military History. Volume12 Number1 Autumn 1999

Ancient History Sourcebook: Mithridates & The Roman Conquests in the East, 90-61 BCE  From: William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-13), Vol. II: Rome and the West, pp.118-120, 123-127. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars: with the Supplementary Books attributed to Hirtius.
From the Electronic Text Center at the University of Virginia.

The African Wars By Julius Caesar.
Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn. From Internet Classics Archive

The Alexandrian Wars By Julius Caesar.
Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn. From Internet Classics Archive

The Civil Wars By Julius Caesar.
Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn. From Internet Classics Archive

The Spanish Wars By Julius Caesar.
Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn. From Internet Classics Archive

Caesar and Vercingetorix
From Caesar. The Gallic War, translated by H.J. Edwards. (London: 1917), pp. 403-425. Courtesy of Hillsdale College's Documents in Military History.

Pharsalia (aka "The Civil War") By Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) A.D. 39 - A.D. 65  "The text of this edition is based on that published as The Pharsalia of Lucan, as translated by Sir Edward Ridley (Longmans, Green, and Co., London, 1896)." Courtesy of the Online Medieval and Classical Library Release #16b.

Antony's Campaign Against the Medes
Dio's Roman History(London: 1917), pp. 399-403. Courtesy of Hillsdale College's Documents in Military History.

Mark Antony's Persian Campaign:
The Roman general’s fate was, like so many before and after him, sealed by a campaign in Iran.
By Glenn Barnett. Courtesy of HISTORYNET.COM

Augustus' Speech Before Actium
Dio's Roman History(London: 1917),pp. 487-501. Courtesy of Hillsdale College's Documents in Military History.

Antony's' Speech Before Actium
Dio's Roman History (London: 1917),pp. 469-485. Courtesy of Hillsdale College's Documents in Military History.

The Battle of Actium
Dio's Roman History (London: 1917),pp. 501-515. Courtesy of Hillsdale College's Documents in Military History.

The Actium Project 1997: A Research Project of The University of South Florida and The Greek Ministry of Culture.
"In the summers of 1993 and 1994, a team of American and Greek researchers scanned the ocean depths where, 20 centuries before, Mark Antony and Cleopatra fought Octavian for control of the Mediterranean world. Using computer, video and remote-sensing technology, Project members hoped to locate on the sea floor actual physical evidence from the battle. Our expectations were based on various threads of evidence that suggest 60 or more bronze warship rams plummeted to the bottom during the course of the battle on September 2, 31 B.C."

The Fleets and Roman Border Policy
"Through the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C. the destiny of the Roman Empire was decisively influenced by a sea-battle for the final time. Following it Rome dominated the seas; enemies with their own large fleets no longer existed. Despite this, the Roman navy was not disbanded; indeed, it was expanded further. This clearly demonstrates that the fleets did not play an inconsiderable role in Roman imperial policy. As a result, one has to ask oneself what functions the fleets performed." By Barbara Pferdehir. Translation by Clive Bridger, Xanten.

The Battle of Teutoburg Forest from Gaius Velleus Paterculus (c.19 BCE-after 30 CE) Roman History. 
Translated by John Selby Watson. (New York: 1881), pp. 511-514. Courtesy of Hillsdale College's Documents in Military History.

Victory of Arminius over the Roman Legions under Varus, A.D. 9.  From: Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World from Marathon to Waterloo According to Edward Sheperd Creasy. Chapter V. Copyright © 1998 by Pierre Sandboge. All Rights Reserved.

Clades Variana (The Varus Disaster) By Kevin Barry   Article courtesy of Barry & Darling Ancient Coins. Includes photographs of recent finds from the site of the battle.

Give me back my Legions!  "'Two stories, one of military disaster two millennia ago and one of the modern historical and archaeological detective work that has enabled the ancient story to be fully told for the first time."

The battle in the Teutoburg Forest  An excellent overview of ancient sources on the battle and reconstruction of the events based on the archaeological and documentary sources.

Kalkriese Die Örtlichkeit der Varusschlacht: Ein studentisches Projekt an der Universität Osnabrück  An excellent overview of the Clades Variana in German.

Cn. Domitius Corbulo and the Parthian War   Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Josephus (37- after 93 CE): The Roman Army in the First Century CE  From: Flavius Josephus: The Jewish War. III.5-6, trans. William Whiston. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.